{
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "title": "Spatial data sources for social and environmental analysis",
  "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
  "record_count": 52,
  "scope": "Providers, catalogues, dataset families, and research collections for social and environmental spatial analysis. Exact dataset editions and retained files have separate records.",
  "review_method": "Adapted from the supplied research directory, with selected technical claims and successor endpoints checked against primary-provider documentation. Retrieval restrictions and timeouts are not treated as evidence that a source is unavailable.",
  "standards_note": "Custom source-directory schema; not a DCAT or STAC conformance claim.",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "natural-earth",
      "title": "Natural Earth",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Administrative boundaries and reference geography",
      "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/",
      "source_description": "Global vector and raster reference data at scales of 1:10 million, 1:50 million, and 1:110 million",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Suitable for regional context and small-scale presentation. Generalized boundaries are unsuitable for parcel analysis or precise local exposure calculations. Data are [public domain](https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/).",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/",
        "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global",
      "licensing_note": "Public domain according to the provider; retain version and citation for reproducibility."
    },
    {
      "id": "geoboundaries",
      "title": "geoBoundaries",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Administrative boundaries and reference geography",
      "url": "https://www.geoboundaries.org/",
      "source_description": "Administrative boundaries with downloadable files, metadata, and an API",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for comparative administrative geography. Retain the collection, release, boundary year, original producer, and source-specific boundaryLicense. The gbOpen Indonesia ADM2 record, for example, identifies CC BY 3.0 IGO. Simplified geometry is intended for cartography.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.geoboundaries.org/",
        "https://www.geoboundaries.org/api/current/gbOpen/IDN/ADM2/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global, availability varies by administrative level",
      "licensing_note": "The gbOpen collection supports open reuse under documented source terms; gbHumanitarian and gbAuthoritative have different coverage and conditions. Retain each record’s source-specific license and attribution."
    },
    {
      "id": "humanitarian-data-exchange",
      "title": "Humanitarian Data Exchange",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Administrative boundaries and reference geography",
      "url": "https://data.humdata.org/",
      "source_description": "OCHA and partner datasets, including Common Operational Datasets for boundaries and population",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for coordinated analysis in humanitarian contexts. Inspect country records, P-codes, dates, and individual licenses. [Use the COD filter](https://centre.humdata.org/ufaqs/how-do-i-find-the-common-operational-datasets-in-hdx/) to distinguish these from other uploads.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://data.humdata.org/",
        "https://centre.humdata.org/ufaqs/how-do-i-find-the-common-operational-datasets-in-hdx/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Country-specific and global collections",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "u-s-census-bureau-tiger-line",
      "title": "U.S. Census Bureau TIGER/Line",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Administrative boundaries and reference geography",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html",
      "source_description": "Census boundaries and geographic features distributed by vintage",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports joining U.S. demographic tables to geography through entity codes. The core files contain geography rather than demographic attributes. Match the table and geographic vintage.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-line-file.html"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "United States and applicable territories",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "worldpop",
      "title": "WorldPop",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Population and settlement",
      "url": "https://www.worldpop.org/",
      "source_description": "Gridded population and demographic estimates; global and country-specific products; APIs and downloads",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for screening, service planning, and comparing alternative spatial allocations. Many products use approximately 100 m grids. Choose among [constrained, unconstrained, and country-specific approaches](https://www.worldpop.org/choosing-the-right-worldpop-population-data-for-you/) according to the decision.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.worldpop.org/",
        "https://www.worldpop.org/choosing-the-right-worldpop-population-data-for-you/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global and country-specific products",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "global-human-settlement-layer",
      "title": "Global Human Settlement Layer",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Population and settlement",
      "url": "https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/datasets.php",
      "source_description": "Built-up surfaces, population grids, and settlement classifications",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for settlement structure and change. Specify the product and epoch. [GHS-POP R2023A](https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_pop2023.php) includes a modeled series for 1975–2030; that span is not a sequence of independent population censuses.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/datasets.php",
        "https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ghs_pop2023.php"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "grid3",
      "title": "GRID3",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Population and settlement",
      "url": "https://grid3.org/",
      "source_description": "Country programs producing and improving population, settlement, boundary, and infrastructure data",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Particularly useful where national partners have developed locally relevant spatial evidence. Availability and completeness depend on the country and product; inspect documentation and validation.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://grid3.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "country_data_programmes",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Participating countries; product-specific",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "google-open-buildings",
      "title": "Google Open Buildings",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Population and settlement",
      "url": "https://sites.research.google/open-buildings/",
      "source_description": "Building detections derived from high-resolution imagery, with footprint and temporal products",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for locating potentially omitted settlements and planning field verification. Coverage is extensive but not universal. A detected building does not establish residential use, occupancy, household count, or tenure.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://sites.research.google/open-buildings/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Covered regions in Africa and the Global South; product-specific",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "usgs-landsat-collection-2",
      "title": "USGS Landsat Collection 2",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Satellite imagery and land cover",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-level-2-science-products",
      "source_description": "A long satellite archive; Level-2 surface reflectance and temperature products",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports landscape histories, vegetation analysis, and settlement or water change. Multispectral reflectance commonly has 30 m pixels. Apply documented scale factors and quality masks; thermal information has different native spatial support.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-level-2-science-products"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global, mission- and acquisition-dependent",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "copernicus-sentinel-2",
      "title": "Copernicus Sentinel-2",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Satellite imagery and land cover",
      "url": "https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/Data/SentinelMissions/Sentinel2.html",
      "source_description": "Multispectral imagery; Level-2A provides surface reflectance",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for recent land-cover and vegetation analysis. Bands have 10 m, 20 m, or 60 m resolution. Cloud, shadow, seasonality, and resampling affect comparisons.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/Data/SentinelMissions/Sentinel2.html"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Mission-dependent land and coastal coverage",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "esa-worldcover",
      "title": "ESA WorldCover",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Satellite imagery and land cover",
      "url": "https://esa-worldcover.org/en/data-access",
      "source_description": "Global 10 m land-cover maps for 2020 and 2021, with 11 classes",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for initial landscape characterization. The two maps use different algorithms, so their differences combine land-cover change and methodological change. Direct subtraction is not a validated change estimate.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://esa-worldcover.org/en/data-access"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "dynamic-world",
      "title": "Dynamic World",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Satellite imagery and land cover",
      "url": "https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/GOOGLE_DYNAMICWORLD_V1",
      "source_description": "Sentinel-2-based 10 m classifications and probabilities for nine land-cover classes",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for time-specific composites and exploring classification confidence. Use class probabilities and observation counts; a most-likely label is not a certain observation.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/GOOGLE_DYNAMICWORLD_V1"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Sentinel-2-based coverage, observation-dependent",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "jrc-global-surface-water",
      "title": "JRC Global Surface Water",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Satellite imagery and land cover",
      "url": "https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/download",
      "source_description": "Landsat-derived water occurrence, seasonality, recurrence, transitions, and histories",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for wetlands, reservoirs, seasonal water availability, and landscape change. Download and platform versions differ. The provider's 2026 update extends coverage through 2024 and documents processing changes and artifacts.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/download"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "global-forest-watch",
      "title": "Global Forest Watch",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Satellite imagery and land cover",
      "url": "https://www.globalforestwatch.org/",
      "source_description": "A discovery and analysis platform for forest change, alerts, and related layers",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for identifying where further investigation is warranted. Tree-cover loss can reflect harvesting, fire, or other disturbance as well as conversion; it does not by itself establish deforestation or its cause. Check the underlying producer and release.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.globalforestwatch.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "mapping_and_discovery_platform",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global and country-specific collections",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "copernicus-dem",
      "title": "Copernicus DEM",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Elevation, catchments, and hydrology",
      "url": "https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/explore-data/data-collections/copernicus-contributing-missions/collections-description/COP-DEM",
      "source_description": "Digital surface models, including global GLO-30 and GLO-90 products",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for broad terrain and slope analysis. Surface elevation includes vegetation and structures; it is not necessarily bare-earth terrain. Access routes and user categories vary. Verify vertical reference, masks, and licensing.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/explore-data/data-collections/copernicus-contributing-missions/collections-description/COP-DEM"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global or European, product-dependent",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "opentopography",
      "title": "OpenTopography",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Elevation, catchments, and hydrology",
      "url": "https://opentopography.org/",
      "source_description": "A discovery and processing platform for lidar, elevation models, and other topographic products",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for terrain work where local high-resolution data exist. Coverage and access depend on the collection. Examine acquisition date, point classification, vertical datum, and processing.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://opentopography.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue_and_processing_platform",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Collection-specific; includes local and global products",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "hydrosheds",
      "title": "HydroSHEDS",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Elevation, catchments, and hydrology",
      "url": "https://www.hydrosheds.org/products",
      "source_description": "Hydrological grids and derived products including HydroBASINS, HydroRIVERS, and HydroLAKES",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for identifying catchments, river connectivity, and upstream/downstream relationships. Confirm product scale and limitations; small channels and modified drainage may need local mapping.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.hydrosheds.org/products"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Product-specific global and regional hydrography",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "climate-hazards-center-chirps",
      "title": "Climate Hazards Center CHIRPS",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Climate and environmental conditions",
      "url": "https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps3",
      "source_description": "Rainfall time series combining satellite estimates and station information",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports seasonal rainfall and drought analysis. CHIRPS v3 provides 0.05° grids from 1981 onward, between 60°N and 60°S. Its coverage differs from v2; specify version and assess performance in the landscape studied.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps3"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "CHIRPS v3: 60 degrees N to 60 degrees S; v2 has different coverage",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "copernicus-era5-land",
      "title": "Copernicus ERA5-Land",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Climate and environmental conditions",
      "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview",
      "source_description": "Reanalysis of land-surface variables over several decades",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for regional temperature, moisture, and other environmental context. Native resolution is approximately 9 km; common distributions use a 0.1° grid. These are modeled fields rather than local station observations.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global land",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "nasa-power",
      "title": "NASA POWER",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Climate and environmental conditions",
      "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/",
      "source_description": "Meteorological and solar parameters through data services and APIs",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for agricultural and energy context and reproducible location-based requests. Spatial resolution depends on the parameter and source. Consult the parameter documentation rather than assuming each point request is a local measurement.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_service",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global, parameter-dependent",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "openstreetmap",
      "title": "OpenStreetMap",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Transport, infrastructure, and services",
      "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/",
      "source_description": "Community-maintained roads, paths, buildings, facilities, and other features",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for access analysis and field planning. Completeness and tags vary. Validate critical routes, restrictions, bridges, and facility locations. Follow the [ODbL and attribution requirements](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright); data licensing and tile-service policies are separate.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.openstreetmap.org/",
        "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "community_database",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global; completeness varies",
      "licensing_note": "ODbL; retain required attribution and assess conditions applicable to the particular output. Service usage policies are separate."
    },
    {
      "id": "copernicus-emergency-management-service-mapping",
      "title": "Copernicus Emergency Management Service mapping",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Hazards and event mapping",
      "url": "https://mapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/",
      "source_description": "Event-specific mapping and products from particular activations",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for understanding recorded flood, fire, and other disaster extents and consequences. Coverage is activation-specific. An unmapped place is not necessarily unaffected; an event footprint is not a long-term probability model.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://mapping.emergency.copernicus.eu/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "event_mapping_service",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Selected event activations",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "noaa-sea-level-rise-viewer",
      "title": "NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Hazards and event mapping",
      "url": "https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/",
      "source_description": "U.S. coastal inundation and related scenario layers",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for coastal screening and communication. Read the scenario, elevation, connectivity, and confidence documentation. Use the product within its stated purpose; a screening layer does not replace site engineering or a complete storm-flood analysis.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "scenario_mapping_service",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Covered United States coastal areas",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "protected-planet",
      "title": "Protected Planet",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Biodiversity and ecosystem services",
      "url": "https://www.protectedplanet.net/",
      "source_description": "Global protected and conserved area information; current services include the World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports screening for designated areas. Retain the exact database, release, and designation status used. [Terms restrict commercial use and redistribution](https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/legal); confirm permissions for the intended analysis and publication.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.protectedplanet.net/",
        "https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/legal"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global reported protected and conserved areas",
      "licensing_note": "Provider terms restrict commercial use and redistribution; confirm permissions for the intended use."
    },
    {
      "id": "world-database-of-key-biodiversity-areas",
      "title": "World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Biodiversity and ecosystem services",
      "url": "https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/en/request-gis-data",
      "source_description": "Sites identified through KBA criteria; GIS access by request and through licensed services",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports biodiversity screening and prioritization. [Use and redistribution are restricted](https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/en/terms-service). A KBA intersection is an assessment input, not a completed project-specific critical habitat assessment.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/en/request-gis-data",
        "https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/en/terms-service"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global recorded KBAs",
      "licensing_note": "Use and redistribution restrictions apply; commercial access is directed to IBAT. Confirm permission for the intended use."
    },
    {
      "id": "gbif",
      "title": "GBIF",
      "section": "Global and thematic sources",
      "category": "Biodiversity and ecosystem services",
      "url": "https://www.gbif.org/",
      "source_description": "Species occurrence and sampling-event records, documentation, and download services",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for finding evidence of recorded species and planning further work. Inspect dates, sampling effort, coordinate uncertainty, taxonomic issues, and licenses. A missing occurrence record does not establish absence.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global; record and sampling coverage varies",
      "licensing_note": "Licenses vary among contributing datasets; retain dataset and download citations and assess combined-use conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "icimod-regional-database-system",
      "title": "ICIMOD Regional Database System",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://rds.icimod.org/",
      "source_description": "Hindu Kush Himalayan land cover, cryosphere, environmental, and thematic datasets",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Combine regional environmental evidence with national statistics and local livelihood inquiry. Check each dataset's coverage, legend, reference period, validation, and reuse conditions.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://rds.icimod.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Hindu Kush Himalaya and dataset-specific areas",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "nepal-national-statistics-office-census-results",
      "title": "Nepal National Statistics Office census results",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://censusresults.nsonepal.gov.np/",
      "source_description": "2021 population and housing census tables, national and thematic reports, and subnational results",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Preserve original geographic codes, table definitions, and denominators. Obtain compatible boundaries; address administrative changes before comparison with older censuses or district profiles.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://censusresults.nsonepal.gov.np/",
        "https://censusresults.nsonepal.gov.np/local-level",
        "https://censusresults.nsonepal.gov.np/downloads/national?type=data"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_statistical_portal",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Nepal",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "bhutan-national-statistics-bureau",
      "title": "Bhutan National Statistics Bureau",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://nsb.gov.bt/",
      "source_description": "Population and housing census materials, statistical yearbooks, and sector indicators",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Establish the reporting level and period for each measure. District averages may obscure differences between valley settlements, remote communities, and seasonal livelihood areas.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://nsb.gov.bt/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_statistical_provider",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Bhutan",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "bhutan-national-spatial-data-infrastructure",
      "title": "Bhutan National Spatial Data Infrastructure",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://nsdi.systems.gov.bt/",
      "source_description": "Geospatial discovery, thematic maps, boundaries, and sector layers",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Check the producing institution, spatial and temporal coverage, access route, and restrictions. Coordinate thematic layers with compatible NSB tables rather than assuming all names and boundaries align.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://nsdi.systems.gov.bt/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Bhutan",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "bpsstatistics-indonesia",
      "title": "BPS–Statistics Indonesia",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://www.bps.go.id/en",
      "source_description": "Census and socioeconomic tables, regional publications, metadata, and statistical geography services",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for provincial, district, and local baselines. Distinguish administrative codes, changing units, reporting periods, and indicators with different survey populations.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.bps.go.id/en",
        "https://mtbkab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2026/02/27/9551874a597fd58aa2e820e8/kepulauan-tanimbar-regency-in-figures-2026.html"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_statistical_provider",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Indonesia",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "indonesia-s-big-ina-geoportal",
      "title": "Indonesia's BIG / Ina-Geoportal",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/ina-geoportal",
      "source_description": "National geospatial infrastructure and linked agency data",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Use BIG's provider page to find the current portal. Examine the origin and scale of each layer. In archipelagic settings, retain islands, sea crossings, ports, and seasonal access.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.big.go.id/content/produk/ina-geoportal"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_geospatial_discovery_portal",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Indonesia",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "massgis",
      "title": "MassGIS",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://www.mass.gov/orgs/massgis-bureau-of-geographic-information",
      "source_description": "Massachusetts parcels, imagery, elevation, infrastructure, and environmental layers",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "A useful example of detailed subnational evidence. Parcel assessment records support research but are not a substitute for a title investigation or survey. Acquisition dates differ among layers.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.mass.gov/orgs/massgis-bureau-of-geographic-information"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_geospatial_provider",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Massachusetts, United States",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "eurostat-gisco",
      "title": "Eurostat GISCO",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/",
      "source_description": "Administrative and statistical geography, including NUTS and local administrative units",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports integration with European statistics. Match geographic vintage, level, scale, projection, and product-specific use conditions.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_geospatial_provider",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Europe and product-specific global reference layers",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "digital-earth-africa",
      "title": "Digital Earth Africa",
      "section": "Regional and national sources",
      "category": "Regional and national sources",
      "url": "https://digitalearthafrica.org/en_za/",
      "source_description": "Analysis-ready satellite data, environmental services, notebooks, and geospatial access tools",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for water, vegetation, cropland, settlement, and coastal analysis. Select the relevant service and period, and evaluate local performance before deriving social implications.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://digitalearthafrica.org/en_za/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_and_analysis_platform",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Africa",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "arcticdem-polar-geospatial-center",
      "title": "ArcticDEM, Polar Geospatial Center",
      "section": "Arctic and Antarctic sources",
      "category": "Arctic",
      "url": "https://www.pgc.umn.edu/data/arcticdem/",
      "source_description": "High-resolution digital surface models; dated strips, mosaics, indexes, and STAC access",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for terrain context and surface change. Full-resolution products include 2 m data. Distinguish strips from multi-date mosaics; account for vertical reference, registration, and product restrictions, including limits on newer Alaska data.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.pgc.umn.edu/data/arcticdem/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Arctic, with release-specific limitations",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "arctic-spatial-data-infrastructure",
      "title": "Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure",
      "section": "Arctic and Antarctic sources",
      "category": "Arctic",
      "url": "https://arctic-sdi.org/",
      "source_description": "Circumpolar discovery and access to reference mapping and contributing datasets",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for locating regional and national layers. The geoportal is a discovery route; inspect the underlying producer, service, metadata, and license.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://arctic-sdi.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Circumpolar Arctic and contributing jurisdictions",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "national-snow-and-ice-data-center",
      "title": "National Snow and Ice Data Center",
      "section": "Arctic and Antarctic sources",
      "category": "Arctic",
      "url": "https://nsidc.org/data",
      "source_description": "Snow, sea ice, frozen-ground, and other cryosphere collections",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for seasonal environmental context. Products differ substantially in resolution and purpose. Regional ice concentration does not establish safe local travel conditions.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://nsidc.org/data"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Polar and other cryosphere regions, product-specific",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "gebco",
      "title": "GEBCO",
      "section": "Arctic and Antarctic sources",
      "category": "Arctic",
      "url": "https://www.gebco.net/data-products/gridded-bathymetry-data",
      "source_description": "Global gridded bathymetry and supporting documentation",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for broad marine context; regional products may offer more relevant evidence. Examine source coverage and uncertainty. A global grid is not a navigation chart or a substitute for site hydrographic survey.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.gebco.net/data-products/gridded-bathymetry-data",
        "https://www.gebco.net/about-us/committees-groups/scrum/ibcao"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global oceans and regional products",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "reference-elevation-model-of-antarctica",
      "title": "Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica",
      "section": "Arctic and Antarctic sources",
      "category": "Antarctica",
      "url": "https://www.pgc.umn.edu/data/rema/",
      "source_description": "High-resolution digital surface models, dated strips, mosaics, and related access services",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Supports topographic context, surface change, and research logistics. Select the appropriate date and product; ice-surface elevation is not bare-earth terrain.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.pgc.umn.edu/data/rema/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Antarctica",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "scar-antarctic-digital-database",
      "title": "SCAR Antarctic Digital Database",
      "section": "Arctic and Antarctic sources",
      "category": "Antarctica",
      "url": "https://data.bas.ac.uk/items/e74543c0-4c4e-4b41-aa33-5bb2f67df389/",
      "source_description": "Topographic layers including coastline, grounding lines, ice-shelf fronts, contours, and rock outcrop",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for regional reference and research planning. Record the dataset edition and component update. Changing ice fronts and grounding lines require date-aware interpretation.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://data.bas.ac.uk/items/e74543c0-4c4e-4b41-aa33-5bb2f67df389/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "dataset_family",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Antarctica south of 60 degrees S",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "native-land-digital",
      "title": "Native Land Digital",
      "section": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "category": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "url": "https://native-land.ca/",
      "source_description": "Educational mapping of Indigenous territories, treaties, languages, and relationships to land",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "A starting point for learning and identifying further inquiry. The provider explicitly states that its maps are not official sources. Confirm interpretation with the peoples concerned.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://native-land.ca/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "educational_mapping_platform",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Mapped Indigenous territories, treaties, and languages; coverage varies",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm current provider access and reuse terms; educational mapping is not an official boundary determination."
    },
    {
      "id": "aboriginal-lands-of-canada-legislative-boundaries",
      "title": "Aboriginal Lands of Canada Legislative Boundaries",
      "section": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "category": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "url": "https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/522b07b9-78e2-4819-b736-ad9208eb1067",
      "source_description": "Natural Resources Canada's mapping of specified legislative land categories",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Useful for identifying legally recorded areas within the dataset's scope. It does not represent the full extent of customary territory or resolve all claims. Retain the provider's category definitions.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/522b07b9-78e2-4819-b736-ad9208eb1067"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "official_boundary_dataset",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Specified legislative land categories in Canada",
      "licensing_note": "Confirm product- and distribution-specific terms before use, archiving, or redistribution; no uniform portal-level license is assumed."
    },
    {
      "id": "pan-inuit-trails-atlas-research",
      "title": "Pan Inuit Trails Atlas research",
      "section": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "category": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "url": "https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/first-atlas-of-inuit-arctic-trails-launched",
      "source_description": "Historical mapping of trails, place names, mobility, and occupancy; the research describes the [atlas](http://www.paninuittrails.org/)",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Demonstrates relationships that settlement and cadastral maps miss. Historical records have their own selection and interpretation limits. Atlas availability may vary; the university research page provides a documented reference.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/first-atlas-of-inuit-arctic-trails-launched",
        "http://www.paninuittrails.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "source-directory entry; confirm exact product, release, distribution, and intended-use permissions separately",
      "source_kind": "contextual_research_reference",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Historically documented Inuit routes and place names in the North American Arctic",
      "licensing_note": "Research reference; do not infer permission to redistribute mapped data from the reference page."
    },
    {
      "id": "gina",
      "title": "Geographic Information Network of Alaska",
      "section": "Regional and historical collections",
      "category": "Arctic",
      "url": "https://gina.alaska.edu/training-resources/products/",
      "source_description": "Satellite imagery, product documentation, and regional observation resources.",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Use acquisition dates and product documentation when comparing snow, ice, vegetation, or hazards.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://gina.alaska.edu/training-resources/products/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "regional_observation_provider",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Alaska and surrounding high-latitude regions",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "arcus",
      "title": "Arctic Research Consortium of the United States",
      "section": "Regional and historical collections",
      "category": "Arctic",
      "url": "https://www.arcus.org/",
      "source_description": "Research network and routes to Arctic programs, publications, and community research.",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Follow program links to the original data producer and its collection metadata.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.arcus.org/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "research_network",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Arctic",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "nga-geographic-names",
      "title": "NGA GEOnet Names Server",
      "section": "Regional and historical collections",
      "category": "Geographic names",
      "url": "https://geonames.nga.mil/geonames/GNSHome/services.html",
      "source_description": "Geographic names and downloadable gazetteer services.",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Use names and coordinates as reference geography. The current service excludes Antarctica; retain the original name, feature type, and identifying code.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://geonames.nga.mil/geonames/GNSHome/services.html"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "official_geographic_names_provider",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Foreign geographic names; excludes Antarctica and US domestic names",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "grid-arendal",
      "title": "GRID-Arendal",
      "section": "Regional and historical collections",
      "category": "Historical and regional collections",
      "url": "https://www.grida.no/resources/types/graphic",
      "source_description": "Environmental maps, graphics, and contextual publications.",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "A published graphic may provide context without an accompanying GIS dataset. Check the underlying data, authorship, date, and reuse terms.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.grida.no/resources/types/graphic"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "research_and_mapping_collection",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Global and regional",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "mcmurdo-lter",
      "title": "McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research",
      "section": "Regional and historical collections",
      "category": "Antarctica",
      "url": "https://mcm.lternet.edu/data/",
      "source_description": "Ecological and environmental research datasets and their collection records.",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Select the study, observation period, sampling location, and measurement protocol appropriate to the question.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://mcm.lternet.edu/data/"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "research_data_catalogue",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "first-nation-profiles",
      "title": "First Nation Profiles",
      "section": "Regional and historical collections",
      "category": "Indigenous Peoples, customary tenure, and community knowledge",
      "url": "https://services.sac-isc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Index.aspx?lang=eng",
      "source_description": "Community profiles and an interactive map of First Nations.",
      "analytical_use_and_limits": "Use the profile’s reporting date and definitions. Administrative profile locations describe a different geography from customary territories and community-defined land use.",
      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://services.sac-isc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Index.aspx?lang=eng",
        "https://geo.sac-isc.gc.ca/cippn-fnpim/index-eng.html"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "official_community_profiles",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Canada",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
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      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100032297/1544716489360"
      ],
      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "official_mapping_collection",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Canada",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "canada-treaty-archives",
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      "documentation_urls": [
        "https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/collection/research-help/indigenous-heritage/pages/treaties-surrenders-agreements.aspx"
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      "reviewed_date": "2026-10-10",
      "metadata_scope": "Source-directory entry; select and document individual editions separately.",
      "source_kind": "archival_collection",
      "geographic_coverage_note": "Canada",
      "licensing_note": "Consult the selected collection or product record for its access, attribution, and reuse conditions."
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      "reviewed_date": null
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    {
      "title": "GIS Data & Resources at the National Snow & Ice Data Center",
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      "reviewed_date": null
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      "title": "McMurdo Dry Valley LTER",
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      "reviewed_date": null
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      "reviewed_date": null
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      "title": "Global Forest Watch Canada",
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    {
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      "title": "Inuit Nunangat Map",
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      "reviewed_date": null
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    {
      "title": "Maps of Treaty Making in Canada",
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    {
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      "reviewed_date": null
    },
    {
      "title": "Treaties, Surrenders and Agreements",
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    {
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      "reviewed_date": null
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      "reviewed_date": null
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      "reviewed_date": null
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      "title": "Dowloadable Data",
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  "references": [
    {
      "id": "runfola-2020",
      "authors": "Runfola, D., et al.",
      "year": 2020,
      "title": "geoBoundaries: A global database of political administrative boundaries",
      "publication": "PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231866",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231866"
    },
    {
      "id": "robinson-1950",
      "authors": "Robinson, W. S.",
      "year": 1950,
      "title": "Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals",
      "publication": "American Sociological Review, 15(3), 351–357",
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    },
    {
      "id": "kwan-2012",
      "authors": "Kwan, M.-P.",
      "year": 2012,
      "title": "The uncertain geographic context problem",
      "publication": "Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 958–968",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.687349"
    },
    {
      "id": "wilkinson-2016",
      "authors": "Wilkinson, M. D., et al.",
      "year": 2016,
      "title": "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship",
      "publication": "Scientific Data, 3, 160018",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18"
    },
    {
      "id": "carroll-2020",
      "authors": "Carroll, S. R., et al.",
      "year": 2020,
      "title": "The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance",
      "publication": "Data Science Journal, 19, 43",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043"
    },
    {
      "id": "ocap",
      "authors": "First Nations Information Governance Centre",
      "year": null,
      "title": "The First Nations principles of OCAP®",
      "publication": "Provider guidance",
      "url": "https://fnigc.ca/ocap-training/"
    },
    {
      "id": "georeferencing-2020",
      "authors": "Chapman, A. D., and Wieczorek, J. (eds.)",
      "year": 2020,
      "title": "Georeferencing Best Practices",
      "publication": "GBIF Secretariat",
      "url": "https://docs.gbif.org/georeferencing-best-practices/1.0/en/"
    },
    {
      "id": "ifc-ps1",
      "authors": "International Finance Corporation",
      "year": 2012,
      "title": "Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts",
      "publication": "IFC Sustainability Framework",
      "url": "https://www.ifc.org/en/insights-reports/2012/ifc-performance-standard-1"
    },
    {
      "id": "dcat-3",
      "authors": "World Wide Web Consortium",
      "year": 2024,
      "title": "Data Catalog Vocabulary, version 3",
      "publication": "W3C Recommendation",
      "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat-3/"
    },
    {
      "id": "dartmouth-gis",
      "authors": "Dartmouth Libraries",
      "year": null,
      "title": "GIS data guide",
      "publication": "Research guide",
      "url": "https://researchguides.dartmouth.edu/gisdata/intro"
    }
  ]
}